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冠狀病毒

冠狀病毒是一類通常影響鳥類和哺乳動物,包括人類呼吸道的病毒。"冠狀病毒"一詞來源于其表面的冠狀突起。拉丁文中,“corona”意為“光環(huán)”或“王冠”。

科學家最早于1937年分離出一種冠狀病毒,他們發(fā)現一種冠狀病毒是鳥類傳染性支氣管炎病毒,有能力摧毀家禽存欄。冠狀病毒亞科的成員在哺乳動物中廣泛分布,通常只引起輕微的呼吸道或腸道感染。超過60種冠狀病毒(CoVs)已從蝙蝠(BtCoV)中分離出來,其中大多數屬于β冠狀病毒屬。

人類冠狀病毒(HCoVs)

人類冠狀病毒(HCoVs)屬于Nidovirales目,Coronaviridae科,Coronavirinae亞科,Alphacoronavirus屬或Betacoronavirus屬。上世紀60年代在感冒患者的鼻子中首次發(fā)現了HCoVs,它們代表了與多種呼吸道疾病相關的冠狀病毒(CoVs)的一個主要群體,包括普通感冒、肺炎和支氣管炎等 [1]。它們通常引起短暫的呼吸道或胃腸道疾病。

迄今為止,已經確定了七種已知的HCoVs,即HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1、嚴重急性呼吸綜合癥冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV)、中東呼吸綜合癥冠狀病毒(MERS-CoV)和2019新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)。

其中,四種HCoVs(HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63、HCoV-OC43和HCoV-HKU1)在人群中廣泛傳播,占人類普通感冒感染的約三分之一 [2]。

MERS-CoV Related Proteins

SARS-CoV-2 Related Proteins

Target Product Name Target Product Name
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (Active) (E.coli) S(RBD) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial, Biotinylated (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (E.coli) S (RBD) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (V367F) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (V367F), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
N Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N), Biotinylated (E.coli) S (RBD) (W436R) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (W436R), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
nsp3 Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Non-structural protein 3(nsp3),partial (E.coli) S (RBD) (G476S) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (G476S), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
NSP5 Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 3C-like proteinase(NSP5) (E.coli) S (RBD) (V483A) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (V483A), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S), partial (Yeast) S (RBD) (N501Y) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (N501Y), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (D614G) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (D614G), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (K417N) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (K417N), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (N354D,D364Y) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (N354D,D364Y), partial  (Mammalian cell) S (RBD) (E484K) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) (E484K), partial (Active) (Mammalian cell)
S (N501Y,P681H) Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein(S) (N501Y,P681H), partial  (Mammalian cell)    

Other Coronavirus Related Proteins

Target Species Product Name Target Species Product Name
S Bat CoV HKU3 Recombinant Bat coronavirus HKU3 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Baculovirus) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) HE BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Hemagglutinin-esterase(HE) (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Yeast) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell) 4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Mammalian cell) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (Baculovirus) 5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (E.coli)
5a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa(5a) (E.coli) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) 4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell) 2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S) ,partial (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli) S BtCoV/133/2005 Recombinant Bat coronavirus 133/2005 Spike glycoprotein (S),partial (E.coli)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
4b BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa(4b) (Yeast) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Yeast)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (E.coli) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
2a BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Non-structural protein 2a(2a) (Baculovirus) S Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Recombinant Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (Mammalian cell)
S BCoV Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial (E.coli)      

冠狀病毒的傳播

冠狀病毒可以從一個人傳播到另一個人,科學家認為這些病毒通過呼吸系統(tǒng)中的液體,如黏液,傳播。冠狀病毒可以通過以下方式傳播:

● 通過咳嗽和打噴嚏而進入空氣中

● 密切的個人接觸,比如觸摸或握手

● 接觸帶有病毒的物體或表面,然后在洗手之前觸摸口、鼻或眼睛

由冠狀病毒引起的疾病

人類冠狀病毒通常導致普通感冒而非嚴重疾病。然而,冠狀病毒也是一些更嚴重爆發(fā)的原因,如嚴重急性呼吸綜合癥(SARS)、中東呼吸綜合癥(MERS)和COVID-19。

SARS

SARS是由一種冠狀病毒引起的病毒性呼吸道疾病,稱為嚴重急性呼吸綜合癥相關冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV)。通常,它導致一種危及生命的肺炎。SARS首次于2002年11月在亞洲報告。在接下來的幾個月里,這種疾病在北美、南美、歐洲和亞洲的兩打國家傳播,直到2003年SARS全球爆發(fā)得到控制 [3]。

根據世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)的數據,在SARS爆發(fā)期間,全球共有8,098人感染SARS,其中774人死亡。這相當于9.6%的死亡率。

SARS的癥狀在一周的過程中逐漸發(fā)展,開始于發(fā)熱。在疾病的早期階段,人們會出現類似流感的癥狀,如干咳、寒戰(zhàn)、腹瀉、呼吸急促和疼痛。通常會發(fā)展為嚴重的肺部感染。在其最高級階段,SARS會導致肺部、心臟或肝臟的功能衰竭。

MERS

MERS是由一種冠狀病毒引起的,被稱為中東呼吸綜合癥冠狀病毒(MERS-CoV)??茖W家在2012年首次識別了這種嚴重的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,當時它在沙特阿拉伯爆發(fā)。從那時起,它傳播到其他國家。MERS-CoV引起的臨床癥狀與SARS-CoV相似,但死亡率要高得多,約為35% [4]。

MERS的癥狀包括發(fā)熱、呼吸急促和咳嗽。該疾病通過與已經感染的人密切接觸傳播。然而,所有MERS的病例都與最近從阿拉伯半島旅行歸來的個體有關。

COVID-19

2019年,疾病預防控制中心(CDC)開始監(jiān)測一種新型冠狀病毒,SARS-CoV-2,導致現在被稱為COVID-19的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的爆發(fā)。COVID-19的癥狀因人而異。它可能只引起很少或沒有癥狀。然而,它也可能導致嚴重的疾病,甚至致命。常見癥狀包括發(fā)熱、呼吸急促和咳嗽。有關COVID-19的更多信息,請閱讀2019新型冠狀病毒

參考文獻:

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