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轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體TFR1(TFRC):鐵穩(wěn)態(tài)關(guān)鍵成員,貧血、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、癌癥新銳靶點!

日期:2023-06-25 16:01:31

轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體TFR1是介導(dǎo)鐵離子進(jìn)入細(xì)胞通道的關(guān)鍵成員之一,在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞鐵代謝和維持鐵平衡中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。細(xì)胞鐵缺乏可以抑制細(xì)胞生長,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡。但當(dāng)細(xì)胞癌變,則需要大量的鐵才能維持較高的細(xì)胞增殖率,過量的鐵將促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)展。鐵代謝異常已被認(rèn)為是腫瘤的特異性標(biāo)記之一。

現(xiàn)有研究證實,TFR1在許多腫瘤細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),成為了潛在的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,且針對TFR1進(jìn)行治療可以有效地抑制腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移。此外,TFR1還與其它疾病如貧血、鐵代謝障礙性疾病等有關(guān)。因此,以TFR1為靶點的治療策略來靶向調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵水平,有望在相關(guān)疾病的臨床應(yīng)用中發(fā)揮重要作用。


1. 什么是TFR1?

1.1 TFR1的結(jié)構(gòu)

轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體1(Transferrin receptor protein 1,TFR1)也被稱為CD71或TFRC。TFR1/TFRC是一種II型跨膜蛋白,是調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵元素轉(zhuǎn)運過程的最重要膜蛋白。TFR1是由兩個同源二聚體的亞基通過二硫鍵交聯(lián)而成。每個單體包含一個大的胞外C端區(qū)域,一個單跨膜區(qū)域及一個短的N端區(qū)域。C端區(qū)域作為外功能區(qū),包含了與轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白(Transferrin,Tf)相結(jié)合的位點(圖1[1-3]。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體,分別是TFR1和TFR2,它們在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上都比較相似。在正常生理條件下,TFR1與轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白Tf發(fā)生相互作用,促進(jìn)鐵的吸收。這種結(jié)合形式是血液中鐵的主要存在方式 [4-5]。

TFR1的結(jié)構(gòu)

圖1. TFR1的結(jié)構(gòu) [1]

1.2 TFR1的表達(dá)

TFR1是一種廣泛表達(dá)于人體幾乎所有細(xì)胞和組織類型中的膜蛋白。TFR1在人體需要鐵元素時發(fā)揮作用,介導(dǎo)鐵離子的轉(zhuǎn)運和代謝。TFR1的表達(dá)廣泛分布于免疫系統(tǒng)、造血系統(tǒng)(如骨髓干細(xì)胞、紅細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(如神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)、生殖系統(tǒng)、心臟、肝臟、腎臟等各種組織和細(xì)胞類型。TFR1的表達(dá)水平受多種因素影響,包括細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵含量、細(xì)胞分化狀態(tài)、激素調(diào)節(jié)以及炎癥狀態(tài)等 [6-8]。

1.3 TFR1的功能

TFR1最主要的生理功能是與轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白(transferrin,Tf)結(jié)合,通過內(nèi)吞方式介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞對鐵的攝取。因此,Tf-TFR1系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是機體獲取鐵離子的重要途徑。具體而言,首先,Tf和鐵離子(Fe3+或Fe2+形式)結(jié)合后,其空間結(jié)構(gòu)隨之發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化,將鐵離子包入蛋白內(nèi)形成Tf-Fe2+。其次,TFR1在生理pH下與Tf-Fe2+結(jié)合,Tf-TFR1復(fù)合物被網(wǎng)格蛋白(Clathrin)通過小窩的內(nèi)吞作用內(nèi)部化(圖2) [9-11]

隨之,胞內(nèi)Tf-TFR1復(fù)合物被運輸至內(nèi)體酸化,TFR1和Tf的氨基酸殘基相互作用,引起構(gòu)象改變促使鐵離子釋放,TFR1通過高爾基復(fù)合體循環(huán)至細(xì)胞表面完成鐵離子運輸??傊?,TFR1在細(xì)胞和組織中扮演著重要角色,通過TFR1的調(diào)節(jié)來平衡細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵含量,維持人體鐵穩(wěn)態(tài)是保證人體各項生理機能正常運作的必要條件 [9-11]。

Tf-TFR1系統(tǒng)平衡細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵含量

圖2. Tf-TFR1系統(tǒng)平衡細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵含量 [1]


2. TFR1相關(guān)的調(diào)控機制

TFR1是細(xì)胞最重要的鐵元素攝取因子。TFR1表達(dá)量下降或異常會導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞缺鐵,而過多的鐵則可能催化活性氧(ROSs)并損傷生物大分子。為了確保充足的鐵元素同時避免其毒性,細(xì)胞已經(jīng)發(fā)展出多種機制來調(diào)控TFR1表達(dá)水平。盡管TFR1異常表達(dá)在多種疾病中發(fā)揮作用,但其分子機制和作用仍未完全明確。因此,還需要更深入地研究和探索。

TFR1的表達(dá)受多種刺激條件調(diào)控。在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平中,當(dāng)細(xì)胞發(fā)生缺氧時,缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF)和其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如c-Myc、GATA1、Ets-1以及促紅細(xì)胞生成素Stat5可以促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)錄。TFR1的轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平主要由IRP1IRP2調(diào)控,它們與TFR1 mRNA中的IRE結(jié)合來影響基因表達(dá) [12-14]。

在翻譯后水平,CD133(PROM1)是TFR1轉(zhuǎn)運鐵元素過程中的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子,同時EGF受體、c-Abl分子和MARCH8分子可能也參與其中。如下圖所示,一項研究揭示FLCN有可能在翻譯、或者翻譯后水平調(diào)控TFR1的表達(dá),即Tf-TFR1復(fù)合物可與含有Rab11蛋白的循環(huán)內(nèi)體相結(jié)合,回到細(xì)胞膜上(圖3[12-16]。

TFR1在疾病中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用。例如,在膠質(zhì)瘤中,TFR1通過炎癥反應(yīng),細(xì)胞周期,DNA損失及DNA甲基化等機制參與膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。此外,PD1信號,如IL17IL18,NF-kβFOXM1,F(xiàn)OCAL及JAK-STAT信號可能是TFR1調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵信號通路 [17-19]。在神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞中敲除TFR1發(fā)現(xiàn),條件性敲除小鼠有癲癇的癥狀。并且在此研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)GluA2在海馬神經(jīng)元突觸上表達(dá)增加,其中突觸前的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放能力下降,突觸后長時程增強(LTP)受到一定的抑制 [20-22]。

FLCN通過Rab11A調(diào)控Tf-TFR1蛋白的回收運輸

圖3. FLCN通過Rab11A調(diào)控Tf-TFR1蛋白的回收運輸 [16]


3. TFR1在腫瘤、神經(jīng)退行性等疾病中的作用

正常人體鐵代謝處于平衡狀態(tài),當(dāng)其中的某一調(diào)控環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)異常導(dǎo)致平衡被打破時,會影響細(xì)胞內(nèi)自由基形成并加速氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)進(jìn)展,同時也可導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展。TFR1作為細(xì)胞攝取鐵元素過程中最重要的調(diào)控受體,在多種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起到重要作用。

3.1 TFR1和腫瘤

現(xiàn)有研究表明TFR1在甲狀腺癌 [23]、食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌 [24]、乳腺癌 [25]、肝癌 [26]、結(jié)腸癌 [27]、白血病 [28]、肺癌 [29]、胰腺癌 [30]、鼻咽癌 [30]等惡性腫瘤中顯著表達(dá)。但在部分惡性腫瘤中,TFR1表達(dá)情況尚不明確,其中包括:前列腺癌、睪丸癌等。例如,在肝癌中,TFR1在肝癌中的表達(dá)與甲胎蛋白和血清凝血酶原的濃度有關(guān) [26];在乳腺癌中,敲降IRP2表達(dá),可提高鐵蛋白重鏈的表達(dá),并下調(diào)TFR1蛋白表達(dá),從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長 [25, 31];在結(jié)腸癌中,TFR1的高表達(dá)可激活I(lǐng)L-6/IL-11-Stat3信號通路,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡,從而加重結(jié)腸黏膜的損傷并導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生 [27, 32]

3.2 TFR1和神經(jīng)退行性疾病

鐵代謝的紊亂是引發(fā)神經(jīng)退行性疾病的病理生理機制之一。鐵在大腦中的蓄積,與阿爾茨海默病、帕金森病、肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化等神經(jīng)退行性疾病有關(guān) [33]。阿爾茨海默病是最常見神經(jīng)退行性疾病之一,其主要以淀粉樣斑塊的積聚以及某些神經(jīng)元的丟失為發(fā)病特征。有研究表明,抑制阿爾茲海默模型小鼠大腦顳葉皮層中的鐵攝取蛋白TFR1、TF以及DMT1的表達(dá),可有效緩解鐵過載狀態(tài) [34-35]

3.3 TFR1和貧血

TFR1與Tf復(fù)合物的結(jié)合,對紅細(xì)胞生成過程中細(xì)胞獲取鐵元素有著重要意義。當(dāng)人體內(nèi)發(fā)生缺鐵或者紅細(xì)胞生成增多時,TFR1的表達(dá)將被反應(yīng)性上調(diào)。臨床研究證實,地中海貧血小鼠體內(nèi)的溶性轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體(sTFR1)和TF的水平都顯著高于正常值。進(jìn)一步研究揭示,TFR1在β-地中海紅系前體細(xì)胞中異常高表達(dá),降低TFR1的表達(dá)可有效調(diào)節(jié)貧血小鼠中無效紅細(xì)胞的生成并改善小鼠的貧血以及鐵過載情況 [6, 36]。

3.4 TFR1和其它疾病

TFR1不僅參與細(xì)胞鐵離子運輸,有研究提示TFR1還可作為多種病毒受體介導(dǎo)HCV與宿主細(xì)胞膜融合,在HCV入胞過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)是導(dǎo)致慢性化肝炎、原發(fā)性肝癌的主要病原體。因此,TFR1作為HCV抗病毒靶點的潛在可能性值得關(guān)注 [37-39]。在神經(jīng)元中,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TFR1對mGlul的轉(zhuǎn)運起到重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,并且可能參與了mGlul信號通路,且對小腦的運動協(xié)調(diào)能力起到影響 [40-41]。


4. TFR1的臨床在研藥物

目前已有多款針對轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體1(TFR1)的臨床藥物正在研發(fā)中(表1),這些藥物主要用于貧血、鐵代謝障礙性疾病、感染、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、癌癥等治療。其中,PPMX-T003、CX-2029、DYNE-251和Trontinemab等藥物已處于臨床1/2期。近年來,基于TFR1的靶向治療策略在不斷發(fā)展。有研究利用TFR1提高抗體跨越血腦屏障的轉(zhuǎn)運能力,并與抗β-淀粉樣肽單抗相結(jié)合形成特異性復(fù)合抗體,以提高阿爾茨海默病患者的治療效果 [42-43]。

同時,抗TFRC的抗體JST-TFR09和抗TFRC單克隆抗體A24分別可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞對鐵元素的攝取,以及誘導(dǎo)T系細(xì)胞白血病中惡性細(xì)胞的凋亡 [44-45]。這些研究提示,TFR1有望成為有效的靶標(biāo)分子參與到多種疾病的臨床治療。未來,隨著TFR1相關(guān)研究的不斷深入和完善,有望為患者提供更加精準(zhǔn)、有效的治療,為他們帶來更多的獲益和新希望。

藥物 靶點 作用機制 在研適應(yīng)癥 藥物最高研發(fā)狀態(tài)(全球) 藥物類型 在研機構(gòu)
Human apotransferrin(Prothya Biosolutions) TFR2 + TFR1 TFR2激動劑、TFR1刺激劑 先天性無轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白血癥;β地中海貧血 臨床2/3期 蛋白類藥物 Prothya Biosolutions Netherlands
PPMX-T003 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 大顆粒淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。徽嫘约t細(xì)胞增多癥 臨床1/2期 未知 株式會社英仙蛋白質(zhì)科學(xué)
Perseus Proteomics, Inc.;
廣島大學(xué)
Hiroshima University;
學(xué)校法人東海大學(xué)
Tokai University
CX-2029 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤;食管癌;非小細(xì)胞肺癌 臨床1/2期 單克隆抗體;ADC 西托姆克斯治療公司
CytomX Therapeutics, Inc.
DYNE-251 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑、RNA干擾 杜氏肌營養(yǎng)不良癥 臨床1/2期 反義寡核苷酸 Dyne Therapeutics, Inc.
Trontinemab APP+TFR1 APP抑制劑、TFR1拮抗劑 阿爾茨海默病 臨床1/2期 雙特異性抗體 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
INA-03 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 急性雙表型白血病、急性髓性白血病、急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病 臨床1期 生物藥 英納特利斯
Inatherys SAS;
尚波立及愛琳卡默茲中心
Institut Jean Paoli & Irene Calmettes
Delpacibart Etedesiran TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 / 臨床階段不明 抗體核酸偶聯(lián)藥物 /
Delpacibart TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 / 臨床階段不明 單克隆抗體 /
FORCE-M23D TFR1 + Dystrophin TFR1拮抗劑、Dystrophin抑制劑 良性假肥大性肌營養(yǎng)不良癥 臨床申請 抗體核酸偶聯(lián)藥物 Dyne Therapeutics, Inc.
TXB4-BC1 CD20 + TFR1 CD20抑制劑、TFR1拮抗劑 淋巴瘤 臨床前 雙特異性抗體 Ossianix, Inc.
TXB4-BC3 PDL1 + TFR1 PDL1抑制劑、TFR1拮抗劑 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤 臨床前 雙特異性抗體 Ossianix, Inc.
FORCE-FM10 DUX4 + TFR1 DUX4抑制劑、TFR1拮抗劑 1a型面肩肱型肌營養(yǎng)不良癥 臨床前 抗體核酸偶聯(lián)藥物 Dyne Therapeutics, Inc.
INA-01 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 腫瘤 臨床前 單克隆抗體 英納特利斯
Inatherys SAS
PGT (OncBioMune) TFR1 TFR1刺激劑 腎腫瘤、肺癌、卵巢癌 臨床前 生物藥 Theralink Technologies, Inc.;
昂克拜慕恩有限責(zé)任公司
OncBioMune, Inc.
TXB4-BC2 EGFRvIII + TFR1 EGFRvIII拮抗劑、TFR1拮抗劑 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤 臨床前 雙特異性抗體 Ossianix, Inc.
Bicycle oligonucleotide therapeautics(Bicycle Therapeutics) TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 神經(jīng)肌肉疾病 臨床前 寡核苷酸 拜斯科醫(yī)療有限公司
Bicycle Therapeutics Plc;
Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Rutherrin TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌 臨床前 未知 錫拉萊斯科技有限公司
Theralase Technologies, Inc.
KB-121 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 伯基特淋巴瘤、彌漫性大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、高級別B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、套細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤 臨床前 單克隆抗體 Gemopharm OOO
TE-5200 CD49d + TFR1 CD49d拮抗劑、TFR1拮抗劑 多發(fā)性硬化癥 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 雙特異性抗體 免疫功坊股份有限公司
Immunwork, Inc.
TE-5126 CB + EDG6 + SIPR1 + SIPR2 + SIPR3 + TFR1 CB拮抗劑+EDG6調(diào)節(jié)劑+SIPR1調(diào)節(jié)劑+SIPR2調(diào)節(jié)劑+SIPR3調(diào)節(jié)劑+TFR1拮抗劑 多發(fā)性硬化癥 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 單克隆抗體;ADC 免疫功坊股份有限公司
Immunwork, Inc.
TE-5300 APP + TFR1 APP抑制劑、TFR1拮抗劑 阿爾茨海默病 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 雙特異性抗體 免疫功坊股份有限公司
Immunwork, Inc.
TXB4-LS1 IDUA + TFR1 IDUA inhibitor、TFR1拮抗劑 黏多糖貯積癥I型 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 融合蛋白 Ossianix, Inc.
Monoclonal antibody 42/6 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 / 臨床1期 單克隆抗體 /
MAT-201 TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 / 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 單克隆抗體 /
Lysosomal storage disease therapeutics (bioOasis) TFR1 TFR1調(diào)節(jié)劑、酶替代物 / 藥物發(fā)現(xiàn) 酶;偶聯(lián)藥物 /
Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody-liposomal sodium butyrate conjugate TFR1 TFR1拮抗劑 / / 單克隆抗體;ADC /

表1:TFR1的臨床在研藥物

為鼎力協(xié)助各藥企針對TFR1在貧血、鐵代謝障礙性疾病、感染、神經(jīng)退行性疾病、癌癥等臨床中的研究,CUSABIO推出TFR1活性蛋白產(chǎn)品(Code: CSB-MP3648HU),助力您在TFR1機制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價值的探索。

Recombinant Human Transferrin receptor protein 1(TFRC),partial (Active) (Code: CSB-MP3648HU)

High Specifity Validated by SDS-PAGE
CSB-MP3648HU SDS-PAGE

High specificity was validated by SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA
Activity assay of CSB-MP3648HU

Immobilized Human TFRC at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-TFRC recombinant antibody (CSB-RA023441MA1HU), the EC50 is 3.305-8.220 ng/mL.


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