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MUC16(CA125):抗癌潛力靶點,更多癌癥預(yù)測新標志

日期:2021-01-23 11:40:27

2020年11月9日,韓國OncoQuest Pharmaceuticals子公司OncoQuest Pharma USA宣布,在研MUC16單抗藥物Oregovomab已在美國臨床試驗中心完成針對原發(fā)性卵巢癌患者的首例患者用藥。這也意味著靶向MUC16藥物,將為卵巢癌患者的治療帶來新的希望。同樣值得關(guān)注的是,近年來,MUC16在其它腫瘤中所扮演角色也被進一步發(fā)掘,如2020年12月25日,發(fā)表在Molecular Therapy(影響因子:8.986)雜志上的一篇文章揭示了MUC16在胰腺癌方面的新型調(diào)控機制 [1]。那么MUC16是什么?它主要的功能是什么?靶向MUC16在腫瘤靶向治療方面的前景如何?看完這篇文章,相信你會有所收獲。


1. MUC16的結(jié)構(gòu)

MUC16又稱CA125,是粘蛋白家族(MUC)家族的成員之一,屬于I型跨膜粘蛋白。MUC16作為MUC家族中最大的糖蛋白,其基因位于人染色體19p13.2,由179 kb基因組DNA編碼,共編碼了22152個氨基酸 [2]。該蛋白由以下幾個結(jié)構(gòu)域組成:N端結(jié)構(gòu)域,含有約12070個氨基酸,富含絲氨酸和蘇氨酸;串聯(lián)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域,含有60多個由156個氨基酸隨機重復(fù)組成的串聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)域以及16個重復(fù)的SEA結(jié)構(gòu)域;C端結(jié)構(gòu)域,也就是跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域,含284個氨基酸,可細分為胞外段、跨膜段和胞質(zhì)尾端(cytoplasmic tail,CT)。其中,CT是由32個氨基酸所組成,這些氨基酸為磷酸化提供了潛在位點,這可能與MUCl6將參與某些信號通路有關(guān) [3, 4] 圖1)。

MUC16結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖

圖1. MUC16結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖

*本圖來源于MUC16結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖 出版物[4]。

與其他跨膜型粘蛋白不同的是,MUC16沒有EGF(表皮生長因子)樣結(jié)構(gòu)域,且攜帶有16個SEA結(jié)構(gòu)域,相對于MUC家族中一些其他只含有1個或幾個SEA結(jié)構(gòu)域的MUC而言 [3],MUC16這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)可能激活某些腫瘤信號通路 [5]


2. MUC16的表達與功能

MUC16常表達于眼表(包括角膜和結(jié)膜)、呼吸道和女性生殖道黏膜上皮等多個組織器官 [6]。MUC16在正常的子宮內(nèi)膜組織中,特別是在腺體和上皮細胞中,以及宮頸粘液中也有表達 [7]

MUC16是一類高分子量、高度糖基化蛋白,在正常組織中,為表皮細胞提供了足夠的親水性和潤滑功能,并為表皮層構(gòu)筑起一道保護屏障抵御外來顆粒和感染因子 [9]。在眼表上皮中的研究表明,正常表達的MUC16在提供眼部潤滑,幫助眨眼等運動中起重要作用[10]。

然而,異常表達的MUC16往往是多種疾病的誘因。比如,高表達的MUC16是誘發(fā)干眼癥的關(guān)鍵因素 [11]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MUC16在許多相對良性的病癥中表達水平居高,如子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥 [12]、子宮腺肌癥 [13]、卵巢囊腫 [14]、肝硬化 [15]、糖尿病 [16]、胸膜炎 [17]和腹膜炎 [18] 等。更為重要的是,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)異常表達的MUC16與多種癌癥進展相關(guān) [1, 2, 3, 5],尤其是在卵巢癌中 [19]。


3. MUC16與腫瘤信號通路的關(guān)系

前面提到,MUC16是最大的糖蛋白,由于其巨大的分子量,使得研究其信號通路及其在腫瘤中的作用機理變得極為困難。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在卵巢癌中,MUC16的過表達可穩(wěn)定β-catenin蛋白并促其進入細胞核從而激活Wnt信號通路 [20]。另外有報道指出,在乳腺癌中,MUC16與酪氨酸激酶JAK2的相互作用誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞增殖 [21]

事實上,MUC16在正常細胞中的表達受到復(fù)雜的調(diào)控影響,其表達通常被上皮細胞極性限制。然而,在癌變過程中,細胞極性喪失后,MUC16表達于全部的上皮細胞表面,并與多種生長因子相互作用,調(diào)節(jié)其下游信號通路,誘導(dǎo)癌癥的發(fā)展 [3]。

圖2所示,MUC16和腫瘤信號通路的聯(lián)系主要有以下幾種,(a)MUC16-siglec-9:MUC16與NK細胞表面的抑制性受體siglec-9結(jié)合,從而發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,為腫瘤細胞提供免疫保護機制;(b)MUC16-galectin-1/3:MUC16被認為是Galectin的反受體,如Gal-1Gal-3,但其在腫瘤發(fā)生中的作用尚待解讀;(c)MUC16-Mesothelin:MUC16與間皮素相互作用介導(dǎo)腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移到腹膜;(d)MUC16-選擇素:MUC16能結(jié)合內(nèi)皮細胞表面的E-選擇素和淋巴細胞表面的L-選擇素,促進腫瘤細胞轉(zhuǎn)移;(e)MUC16-JAK2:MUC16與酪氨酸激酶(JAK2)的相互作用,一方面,導(dǎo)致cyclin-D1上調(diào),促進腫瘤細胞增殖(見圖2中實心箭頭),另一方面,導(dǎo)致MO2和NANOG等基因上調(diào),使得腫瘤干細胞表型和轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(見圖2中虛線箭頭) [22]。

MUC16和腫瘤信號通路的關(guān)系

圖2. MUC16和腫瘤信號通路的關(guān)系

*本圖來源于Cancer research 出版物[22]


4. 靶向MUC16在腫瘤治療中的應(yīng)用和前景

眾所周知,MUC16是卵巢癌中過度表達的一種腫瘤特異性抗原,目前是臨床上應(yīng)用最為廣泛的,診斷卵巢癌的重要血清生物標志物。近期,MUC16單抗藥物Oregovomab已用于原發(fā)性卵巢癌患者的用藥。其次,另一項抗MUC16抗體藥物(JCAR-020)正處于臨床一期,同樣是用于卵巢癌靶向治療。不難看出,對于靶向MUC16抗體藥物的研發(fā)正是發(fā)展階段,也就是說,目前市場上還沒有FDA批準的MUC16靶向藥物?!?020年卵巢癌藥物全球市場報告》提出,到2022年全球卵巢癌藥物市場價值19.9億美元,預(yù)計到2035年卵巢癌患者人數(shù)將上升55%。數(shù)據(jù)表明了MUC16靶向藥巨大的市場潛力,相信很快會有更多藥企或研究者投入對靶向MUC16藥物的研發(fā),以搶占在未來市場中的地位。

不僅如此,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MUC16在其它腫瘤中過度表達,包括子宮內(nèi)膜癌 [23]、輸卵管癌 [24]、胰腺癌 [25]、結(jié)腸癌 [26]、腹膜癌 [27]、鼻咽癌 [28]、肺癌 [29]、乳腺癌 [30]和胃癌 [31]等,這些研究結(jié)果表明MUC16可能是一個非常誘人的抗腫瘤抗體藥物靶點。由于MUC16發(fā)現(xiàn)的歷史較短,靶向MUC16在眾多腫瘤治療中的作用有待探索。相信隨著對MUC16研究的不斷深入,其在腫瘤治療中也將發(fā)揮越來越重要的生物學(xué)價值。因此,MUC16有望作為更多腫瘤的預(yù)測新標志,為抗癌治療提供新策略。


MUC16蛋白

Recombinant Human Mucin-16(MUC16),partial (Active) (Code: CSB-MP704410HU3c7)

High Purity Validated by SDS-PAGE
CSB-MP704410HU3c7 SDS-PAGE

(Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA
High Purity Validated of CSB-MP704410HU3c7

Immobilized MUC16 at 10 μg/ml can bind MSLN (CSB-MP015044HUc9), the EC50 is 460.7-662.2 ng/ml.


參考文獻:

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